Category : Education


Project Name: Mahila Shakti – Mobile as an Education Tool for Women
Organization: Human Welfare Association 

Overview
Through the use of mobile and mobile-based in-built applications, Mahila Shakti empowers the most disadvantaged sections of rural women through educational initiatives. Varanasi is famous for its handloom sarees, made by traditional skilled artisans. Nevertheless, the area has widespread illiteracy. In order to make people literate and arm them with employable skills, Human Welfare Association (HWA) initiated “Mahila Shakti: “Mobile – a Tool for Women Empowerment with Education Initiatives”. It provides Internet facilities; women can learn easily through their mobile devices to increase business, improve their confidence and enhance their personal development. 

Technology Approach
With the support of existing mobile application, women can learn and develop the quality of crunching numbers, maths skills and various other subjects. These are in-built features of a mobile device. The system aims to evaluate and analyze a user’s present situation and strength and determine a more feasible and appropriate alternative. This learning curve enables their participation in the socio-political processes, presently externally controlled. The process allows them to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate developmental programs and communicate with both NGOs and the government.

Outcome
The learning levels of women in subjects are divided in three levels. There are currently 40 villages in one Chiraigaon block involved in this educational initiative; in 40 educational villages and 20 educational centers in 20 villages, 1,024 are enrolled in the education center, attending the literacy class. Moreover, HWA has formed more than 100 women self-help groups. With support and facilities via mobile technology, women in rural areas can grow in multiple ways, leading themselves and the community to prosperity.


Project Name:Urban Ward Project
Organization: ASER Centre of Pratham 

Overview
The Urban Ward Project of the ASER Centre aims to gain insight on the learning outcomes of children in rural India. This insight may enable the Indian education system to better understand the current situation, leading to an improvement in the overall quality of education. Using mobile technology, the Urban Ward Project collects data regarding schooling provision, patterns of utilization and learning outcomes in specific urban locations. The technology enables real-time transfer of data, which supports effective monitoring of the data collection process and provides advanced resolution for any data issues. The project is currently done surveys in five major cities across India: Patna, Hyderabad, Mysore, Jaipur and New Delhi. The survey inquires about children’s schooling status, learning ability and the school infrastructure. 

Technology Approach
Mobile data collection is a web-based data-sharing analysis platform, which can be customized and integrated with ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems. It requires an android phone that runs on the J2ME system. These mobile functions can estimate the learning outcomes and learning levels of children in both urban and rural India.

Outcome
ASER Centre has conducted assessments on outcomes of education and other social sectors. Since 2005, the centre has been providing an Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) survey that covers approximately 700,000 children in many rural districts of India. The organization is currently in the stage of integrating the urban ward project technology into other prospective projects; particularly the technology of GPS mapping on mobile phones. With the technology, ASER aims to map all educational institutions in one block per 100 villages in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Moreover ASER, with similar technology, plans to improve the monitoring system of communities vis-à-vis education status.  All these initiatives strive to answer a key question: do social sector programs lead to desired outcomes?


Category : Health


Project Name: Vibration Series of Mobile Apps for the Deaf &Blind
Organization: BAPSI

Overview
BAPSI (Bidirectional Access Promotion Society) wishes to employ free and open source software to better serve one of the most neglected segments – the deaf and blind. Their system, Vibration Series of Mobile Apps for the Deaf-Blind, is a range of mobile applications that assist the deaf-blind community by facilitating and improving their communication skills via the use of smart phones. With this system, people who are both deaf and blind can reduce their expenses associated with electronic communication, such as Braille devices, to merely the cost of a smart phone, from 1000 to 100 dollars. The project enables the deaf-blind, without their caregivers, to access the world of knowledge easily and cheaply through this simple mobile technology.

Technology Approach
Using a simple vibration model of communication, the applications connect the deaf-blind community. The PocketSMS app was the first of the Vibration family to be completed and launched. The user’s mobile phone vibrates according to the Morse code version of any incoming SMS. Users then can input reply text through gesture-based handwriting recognition. They can also manage the speed at which the message is delivered. The software is created through App Inventor and is best used on an Android smart phone. Another app that Vibration developed is called MorseTrainer, which assists the deaf and blind to expand their knowledge of Morse code on their Android phones. These software are available online for free, to better serve the deaf blind communities around the world.

Outcome
The use of PocketSMS allows the deaf-blind to not only receive information regarding education or health, but also enables them to respond to issues through simple gesture-based technology. These programs were made possible with the support of intern students who participated in the organization’s summer training program for the past five years. To further improve and expand the project, the team is in the process of creating an app that allows access to Wikipedia and Twitter for the deaf-blind by the end of 2012.


Project Name: eCompliance
Organization: Operation ASHA

Overview
The increasing cost of effective tuberculosis (TB) treatments is a concern in Indian society. Funding requirements will be 16 times higher than the current amount. One of the main issues concerning treatments is to prevent multi-drug resistance in tuberculosis patients (MDR-TB). Therefore, the monitoring of TB patients’ intake of their medicine for six to nine months is essential. Operation ASHA’s eCompliance created a biometric identification system that helps monitor the tuberculosis treatments through verifiable tracking while coordinating SMS-based technology for collecting records into their digitized system. As open source software, the biometric identification system is relatively low-cost and it helps prevent the faking of patient’s intake of the medicine.

Mobile Approach
Formerly named eDots, the eCompliance system was developed in partnership with Microsoft Research and Innovators in Health. The system consists of a laptop computer, a USB fingerprint reader and a USB modem for SMS. The simplicity of the structure of the system allows others to easily replicate and replace any damaged parts.  Each health center has access to such a system that enables visiting patients to sign in by scanning the figure using the reader. This tracks the patience’s scheduled dosage and eCompliance terminal can send out SMS messages to a central database that collects reports for further analysis.

If a patient fails to appear for a scheduled treatment, an eCompliance terminal will inform the responsible counselor via text messages. S/he has 48 hours to follow up with the patient and provide counseling to those individuals regarding the dangers of missing a dose. The patient then will scan their fingerprint for the tracking record.

Outcome
The first eCompliance system was installed in March 2010. Currently there are 39 eCompliance terminals operating in 26 centers in South Delhi and Jaipur, resulting in a reduction of 1.5 percent in the number of missed doses. The success of the system allows for further replication of the device to help other NGOs, public health departments and government bodies.

 


Project Name: mFoods
Organization: Andhra Pradesh Foods & NIC, APSC 

Overview
To better serve the Anganwadi workers and Child Development Project Officers (CDPOs) – people who help with health care issues with newborn babies, pregnant women and nursing mother in rural facilities – Andhra Pradesh Foods (A.P. Foods) created the mFoods project, which provides a centralized system via mobile phones that tracks the date and time of purchased food and delivered food and other nutrition related activities. The system ultimately connects 91,000 Anganwadi workers, 223 CDPOs, supervisors and all other stakeholders in real time. This provides better service and support to malnourished children, pregnant women and nursing mothers and improves health and reduces child mortality, and several goals of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG).

Technology Approach
By adapting mobile technology, A.P. Foods’ centralized system updates and tracks supply schedules online and send out alerts to the field and transporters. The Anganwadi workers and CDPOs can acknowledge their food products via their mobile device. This way any product defect, wrong purchase, delayed supplies and other product supply issues can be tracked, communicated, and informed to all stakeholders simultaneously. The system is made friendly and easy to use in order to provide accessibility to users without formal training from the A.P. Foods officials, which in the long run can greatly benefit and support more and more workers and CDPOs’ quality of work.

Outcome
mFoods aims to ensure the timely supply of fortified nutritious foods to 223 Integrated Children Development Services (ICDS) projects (including 91,000 Anganwadi Centers) and benefit 30,62,000 children and women throughout the state of Andhra Pradesh. With the support and technology, mFoods can improve and assist the dire conditions of malnourished individuals, be it children or women. 


Project Name: RTBI’s mHealth Initiatives
Organization: IIT Madras’ RTBI 

Overview
The RTBI’s (Rural Technology and Business Incubator) mHealth initiative advocates a system that allows for simple, affordable and scalable mobile-based monitoring of healthcare delivery in India. The idea is to address the current health care monitoring system’s concerning tuberculosis (TB). TB patients need to receive healthcare advisory, constant monitoring and follow up of regular drug intake for this long-term medical condition. Currently, the government of India has implemented the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short) course to strengthen the treatment and control of TB; however, this system can be relatively human-resource intensive. RTBI wishes to decrease the need for abundance of manpower and address the condition through the use of mobile technology. The objective of the RTBI mHealth Initiative is to:

  1. Maintain a digital registry of TB patients
  2. Inform patients of a healthy living style and TB related health information.
  3. Motivate and remind TB patients to take their regular drug dosage.
  4. Follow up with the patient to ensure drug intake.

In order to accomplish these goals, the project effectively compiles data and reduces discrepancies in data collection, improving the overall efficiency of the health system.

Technology Approach
The functions of the proposed mobile technology include mobile input over text and voice, voice recognition in multiple languages and voice authentication. The voice recognition tool employs Voice Net, which enables remote data gathering at low cost, multi-lingual speech recognition, speech to text conversion and intelligent analytics tools at the back end. The system mainly focuses on two levels of objectives; the first one is to allow TB patients to register and subscribe to reminders of drug adherence and the second is to follow up with TB patients to track and monitor their health status. The latter enables real-time data collection from remote areas and reduces discrepancies in data.

Outcome
Currently, RTBI is seeking additional public and private partnership opportunities and is in the process of conducting field trials to undertake evidence-based research and investigate the effectiveness of the proposed technologies. This pilot phase will involve 100 TB patients, the results of which may be used to improve the technology and respond more effectively to the objectives of the project.


Project Name: Mera Swasthya – MeriAwaaz (My Health – My Voice)
Organization: SAHAYOG

Overview
Mera Swasthya – Meri Awaaz (My Health – My Voice), is a project that empowers maternal women by returning them their right to a free governmental health facility. Government of India over the years has attempted to reduce maternal mortality by providing free maternal health services in government health facilities. However, many of the facilities still illegally charge women with ‘informal fees’ for products and services that are deemed to be free. In improving the current system, MS-MA uses an interactive voice response (IVR) system via mobile telephones for these women to report issues of these informal fees, after which the report is then publicized onto a website. The system provides women with a more accessible facility and improves their right to the free governmental health service.

Mobile Approach
Instead of using SMS, email and tweets, all of which requires basic literacy, this open source software system, based on interactive voice response (IVR), is in local spoken language, which allows accessibility and ease of use for expectant mothers. It is used in combination with the Ushahidi platform that crowd sources information using multiple channels, collecting information from users and display it on an interactive map. User can use any mobile phone to call a toll free number that connects to SAHAYOG’s Lucknow office. The calls are transferred to Tropo which handles the IVR operation and sends the data to Ushahildi database, upon which the information is mapped onto the website. Through the use of a single call, the simple action in a complex system allows for a platform for these women to advocate their rights.

Outcome 
Since November 2011, MS-MA has been implemented in two districts of Uttar Pradesh: Azamgarh and Mirzapur. During the first three months of the project launch, more than 140 reports of informal fees were reported. These reports are regularly analyzed and interpreted by communities and government officials, from which government action plans can be encouraged to help stop the informal fees and improve the public health care system.


Project Name: Use of Mobile Phones by ASHAs to Promote Health Care
Organization: Save the Children

Overview
Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), a group of community health activists identified under the National Rural Health Mission, is a mediator between the village community and the public health system. With no adequate counseling skills or appropriate job-aides, they assist and inform local families regarding health information, healthy lifestyles and mobilize communities to adequate health services. With the integration of CommCare health application, an open source mobile phone-based system, helps improve ASHA job qualities by providing them a platform in rural areas to organize record, share and learn about health-related information. The application, customized in Marwari dialects of Rajasthan, embeds multimedia input and content that enable ASHAs to better manage and look after maternal mothers and/or children over the course of 1000 days, from pregnancy to 2 years of age when the child has fully received his/her immunization.

Mobile Approach
Using mobile-based technology, CommCare collects data via a J2ME application on an Android device, both open source software platforms. Data can be collected offline and sent when network connectivity is available. CommCare’s multimedia features include audio, video and image, enabling accessible experience for users who may have low-literacy level. ASHAs can register pregnant women and young children with the system, and capture data from the home visits and send the data to a central cloud. This information is accessible to local implementers, enabling program staffs and supervisors to examine the performance and productivity of ASHAs remotely via CommCareHQ website. They also provide meaningful feedback when necessary. This cost-effective mobile platform provides SMS reminders to ASHAs when important health dates are due. Through client interaction, decision support, data-driven management and real-time monitoring, the system supports ASHA’s quality of work and may reduce issues of maternal and neonatal mortality and malnutrition in Rajasthan.

Outcome
‘Save the Children’ has trained 70 ASHAs to be familiar with the technology that enables them to understand the provisions of health care procedures for pregnant women and newborns. Through the system, ASHAs work performance has improved and communities are more willing and interested to utilize the service to its full benefits. Through the system, ASHAs can counsel the families and mothers more effectively. It is a ‘low cost use’ technology in improving distressed health conditions.


Category: Governance


Project Name: SMS Campaign by Election Watch Software (EWS)
Organization: Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR)

Overview
The SMS campaign enabled by Election Watch Software (EWS) is an application that provides citizens of India unbiased facts and information regarding candidates they vote for in Parliamentary, State Assembly and other elections. The information is based on the sworn affidavits filed by contesting candidates with the Election Commission (EC) of India, and are collected by ADR and its NGO partners via the EC website. ADR displays this information to allow a citizen to better understand a candidate’s background, so s/he may make informed decisions. The application is active for four to six months during the elections; however, the background information of many candidates are only available only for a week to ten days before an election  date. Users send and receive this information through SMS.

Technology Approach
ADR managed to compile and disseminate all the data through a web application developed by Webrosoft Solutions Ltd, further streamlined by EWS. This application ensures the authorization, authentication and quality of the data a person receives. Users with mobile devices can send an SMS specifying the name of their constituency, or their pin code, to obtain details of local contesting candidates. People of low literacy in rural areas can call through a toll-free helpline 1-800-110-440. When the server receives the SMS, it responds to users via SMS with candidates’ background information such as criminal record, financial situation and/or education level.

Outcome
Since the first launch of the project in Lok Sabha elections of 2009, over 6,00,000 people have used the service. There has been a gradual rise of popularity in using the system and, until now, the SMS campaign has been applied in various State Assembly Elections. The aim of ADR is to help disseminate information regarding candidates to increase transparency and accountability in India’s political and electoral systems.


Project Name: Locating and Rating of Public Restrooms in Indian Cities
Organization: Hamsa International

Overview 
Finding clean and sanitized public washrooms in Indian cities can be a challenge. Hamsa International created an App that allows people to find the nearest available public washrooms, categorize them by gender preference and rate them according to various aspects, such as cleanliness, quality of services, cost, etc. Every month the best-rated restroom is announced and awarded, which may become the model for other restrooms in the cities. The information is shared on a website and also with government departments in every city, promoting social communication and transparency. This is to encourage improvements in sanitation and accessibility of public restrooms as well as creating a sense of community ownership and responsibility for local public convenience system.

Mobile Approach
This project is a mobile-based application, utilizing the GPS to navigate and locate public washrooms on city maps. Users can register for a username and password after they freely download the software for a trial period of thirty days. The user may extend the trial period for another thirty days when he/she rates the public restrooms; otherwise the trial will expire accordingly. Afterwards, user may gain bonus points on each rating that he/she gives and these points earn him/her discounts on monthly basis. This encourages more social interaction on the use of the app which enhances the user contributed content to the website and thus improves the current condition of the restroom.

Outcome
Hamsa’s mobile application, “Locating & Rating of Public Restrooms in Indian Cities”, allows travellers and residents to better navigate public washrooms in the city. The mapping of most toilets is accomplished for the Bangalore city. More than 500 users used it as an initial launch. Hamsa International intends to change people’s attitudes toward restrooms in India and aims to expand the mobile application to more users in both the rural area (1 million users) and urban areas (0.1 million users) during the program’s current year.


Project Name: Tracking Livelihood Entitlements for Rural Communities (TERcoms)
Organization: Women Organization for Socio Cultural Awareness (WOSCA)

Overview
Orissa, one of the poorest states in India, has a tribal population of 44.52%. Of these, 76.96% are Below Poverty Line (BPL) with a 44.73% literacy rate. Due to lack of information, many from this population are unaware of their rights to benefits from the public distribution system (PDS) and pension schemes. To improve the situation, Women’s Organization for Social Cultural Awareness (WOSCA) created a mobile-based monitoring system – Tracking Entitlements for Rural Communities (TERComs) – that tracks the accuracy of important social protection delivery services entitled to the poor. The system aims to monitor three major social protection schemes: the National Rural Employment Generation Scheme (NREGS), PDS and Pension. Through mobile communication, TERComs attempts to improve the impartial system for those who may be excluded from the benefits and ensure they receive their due benefits.

Technology Approach
The system depends on the work of volunteers who track the activities in the villages. They use mobile devices to report the number of household members every month at the service delivery point in scheduled distribution dates. The project uses SMS or MMS to transfer information from the phone to a Management Information System (MIS) on a web application server. The server then generates reports based on the information received and also tracks various government schemes. The reports are shared with government officials, elected representatives and village communities for full transparency. This also creates pressure, for more impartial measures. The instant information-sharing in rural communities promotes participation and helps ensure the legitimacy of the government system in which those who are in a disadvantaged situation can benefit from the services.

Outcome
TERcoms allows village volunteers at service delivery points to track other government services. The system has impacted 87,000 families, whose access to public services has increased. 542 villages are aware of such entitlement through sharing real-time information. 1,234 community organizations access information and receive entitlement opportunities via TERComs. More and more families are receiving suitable employment and earning appropriate wages; the poor, the elderly, and the socially excluded are receiving proper entitlement to governmental services and are no longer excluded from the BPL list. Finally, the government has seized 4,854 fake PDS cards and many more are waiting to be revealed.


Project Name: Jharkhand Mobile Radio (JMR)
Organization: Jharkhand Mobile Radio partnered with Maara & Gram Vaani

Overview 
Jharkhand Mobile News serves the rural and tribal populations of the state of Jharkhand. It challenges the centralized top-down model of traditional media and has designed a news-over-phone service to encourage citizens to directly engage with issues that affect them—rural health, education, land rights and so on—in a transparent and inclusive manner. Users can call to a toll-free number and listen to audio snippets left by others and participate by leaving their feedback or stories on the issues. The project aims to improve awareness and empower citizens to partake in governance matters and to contribute to a communal platform in which mass participation of people in local media may create pressure on government officials who are responsible for the public services.

Technology Approach
Via mobile devices, users participate in a system that includes a voice forum even illiterate people can use. Another approach to promote this mass participatory media system is to use voice-based technology to collect data. Here, calls are made out to a set of users, in which they are required to provide quantitative data by using the mobile phone’s keypad. Issues such as the number of community health workers are applied in this case. The third mechanism the project features is collection of data from government websites. The system collects automated feed from government websites and provides useful data such as employment news and health announcements. All  such information is published on the voice forum, enabling voice access to the rural population.

Outcome
JMR is a low-cost and accessible service system that empowers rural users instead of merely helping them. Within 30 days of launch, there have been more than 40,000 calls with 5000 unique callers. The average time per call is three minutes; average calls per day range 1,200-1,500 and first-time callers per day, 75-100. There are also various cases that prove the impact of the Jharkhand Mobile News project: people revealed official briberies, resulting in the blockage of development officers and the officials were fined. Teachers were remunerated after disclosing their non-payment of five months’ salary.


Category : Business, Enterprise & Financial Inclusion


Project Name: IGS – Value Added Product Development (Mobile based app)
Organization: Indian Grameen Services

Overview
Indian Grameen Services (IGS) wishes to improve the livelihood of all social classes. The organization’s model is to integrate a variety of services, including in finance, agriculture, business development and institutional development. IGS has developed a mobile application that not only provides these financial services but also delivers and shares knowledge-development services. The project also adapts the Service Delivery Model (SDM) and provides a transactional platform that includes services such as savings, micro-pensions, micro-insurance, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), other government payments, money transfers, micro-credit and utility payments. Services such as non-banking and non-financial services are also delivered. This aim is to be inclusive, especially with respect to low-income individuals.

Technology Approach
The project is founded on a mobile-based software called ViTranSP (Virtual Transaction Services Provider). To receive agricultural consultation services, information users are required to subscribe to a Package of Practices (POP) for consultation on various crops and agricultural activities. Other features the mobile-based app includes are a tracking delivery service and package, agricultural equipment information and rental booking, career counseling and financial planning. Mobile devices support many functions: knowledge-sharing, farmers’ communications and overall transparency in the agricultural industry.

Outcome
IGS is currently working with 12,00,000 households, so covering 3,943 villages across 12 states. Through its services, IGS has promoted 24 women cooperatives and provided technical support to more than 6,000 self help groups (SHGs) in Bihar. It has also helped in the dairy sub-sector in various districts in the country: here, it strengthens community-based institutions with support from service agencies. Importantly, IGS services have prevented potential suicides of farmers in Andhra Pradesh and the Vidharbha region of Maharashtra during times of crop failure.


Project Name: NaukriSMS
Organization: Durai Charitable Trust

Overview
There is a big discrepancy in job quality and job steadiness between white collar and blue collar workers in India. Of the nation’s 1.2 billion people, 600 million are considered digitally challenged blue collared workers, many of whom are semi-literate. Thus, they cannot read newspapers or have limited access to opportunities to find out about where they could be employed or about skills trainers. They are also in the category that frequently roams for new jobs. They spend much time and money on travelling, to search for a way to make a living. By leveraging mobile technology, NaukriSMS provides a communal platform that brings together blue/grey-collared workers, their potential employers and skill training providers, channeling job and skills information effectively and with benefits.

Technology Approach
NaukriSMS applies open source technologies Linux and Java. Users can connect to the system via a voice-based service, voice-connect service or SMS. They can subscribe to receive personalized voice or texts which contain job information; or, they can call employers and/or receive calls from employers using the Live Connect Feature. Likewise, skill training institutes or companies can also approach job seekers to enquire about their skill sets. The knowledge required to use this system is minimal: you only have to know how to make or receive a phone call. Thus, even the usually disadvantaged can easily avail NaukriSMS’s services. The structure is geared to enable employment planning; it engages and empowers the rural under-privileged to be effectively involved in the job force.

Outcome
The project wants to empowering women, too, as well as marginalized or vulnerable groups, enabling them to be financially independent and to eliminate discrimination. The goal is to empower more millions of rural and urban local common workers with literacy challenges. The project goal: launch in a new state every four months, starting June 2012.


Project Name: Livelihoods 360
Organization: Naandi Foundation

Overview
Livelihoods 360 provides backward and forward linkages to farmers. It aims for a capacity that encompasses 25,000 farmers in LEISA (Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture) practices. The project supports market development in agriculture, resulting in an increase in income for marginalized farmers. To this end, it is pushing for six million trees to be planted in three years, in order to improve farmers’ food security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, energy resources and environmental sustainability.

The Livelihoods 360 premise is capturing and documenting data regarding carbon sequestration projects under Haryali. The scope of the data ranges from capturing basic information to the number of trees needed, and what it will take to ensure the health and survival of the plant for the coming five years. To work toward this objective, the Naandi Foundation concentrated on the Coffee Procurement Cycle with coffee farmers to learn, document and collect the standardized process for coffee beans crop. This is to minimize the loss of produce and make remuneration for farmers more effective.

Technology Approach
Livelihoods 360 is based on enterprise resource planning (ERP) solution. To accomplish this, the Naandi Foundation aligned with Concept Waves to design and develop an application that runs on basic J2ME-enabled mobile devices and supports end-to-end data management related to matters such as harvest estimates, actual number of harvest crop, processing details and all financial transactions. The system also provides a mechanism to capture various data across villages: farmer details, land details, crop details, literacy details, health and nutrition details, tree details—which taken together provide a holistic view of the village’s eco-system. The application works both offline and online, catering to lower Internet signal areas of India. The data is sent in real time to a centralized server over GPRS connection from various field sites. With all the captured data, the system can generate insightful quality and operation reports, while enabling online viewing.

Outcome
As of now, 11,078 farmers are registered with the system. The use of the application has decreased effort and time for yield estimation. Digitally stored data has now replaced physically collected data, significantly reducing the workload of farmers. The yield estimation period has reduced from 70 days to 45 days. The real-time data also help decrease the procurement cycle, for farmers have immediate access to useful information. All of this contributes to accurate resource planning for the cycle, which directly impacts the cost of production and the quality of the coffee produced.